Experimental Researches on Specifics of Terminal and External Ballistics of Damaging Elements of Cylindrical Shape with Diameter of 5.0 Mm
Abstract
Annotation: This article purpose is to investigate specifics of damage formation mechanism in a viscoelastic medium that arose as a result of high-speed impact-contact interaction with ready-made cylindrical striking elements. For achieving the goal, general scientific and special methods were used. The main attention was paid to the study of striking elements with a diameter of 5.0 mm, since they are equipped with a significant number of fragmentation munitions (in particular, anti-personnel mines, ammunition for dropping from drones, as well as improvised explosive devices). Experimental researches were carried out in conditions of a ballistic route using optoelectronic measuring complexes, a biological tissue simulator (ballistic plasticine) and special cartridges. Introduction of ready-made striking elements into free flight was carried out using a neuroballistic handheld throwing device, as well as rifled firearms of 5.6 mm and 5.45 mm caliber. It made possible to conduct full-scale experiments in a fairly wide range of contact velocities from 70 m/s to 1082 m/s during research on striking properties and in the range from 547 m/s to 1096 m/s during research on aeroballistic characteristics. As experimental shells, ready-made striking elements of cylindrical shape with a diameter of 5.0 mm and an elongation of 0.96-1.1, that are equipped with OZM-72 fragmentation barrage mines, were used. During research, it was determined that after hitting the specified readymade striking elements in the thickness of the biological tissue simulator behave stably and form conical cavities. They cause the greatest damage in the area of the first quarter (third) of the damage channel. This is due to the almost complete transfer of their kinetic energy by the striking elements to the layers of environment adjacent to the central damage channel in this area. Dimensions of the damage zone in this area of the channel are maximum. Based on obtained results, specifics of influence of the contact velocity and the position of striking element at the moment of impact on the parameters of the damage channel were determined. Empirical dependences of resistance coefficient of viscoelastic medium, the volume and length of the damage channel on the contact velocity were determined. The results of performed researches make possible to predict the severity of shrapnel wounds inflicted on a person and to solve a number of situational tasks related to the investigation of criminal crimes and terrorist acts, while which commission of fragmentation munitions or improvised explosive devices were used. Separate stage is the research on aeroballistic characteristics of kinetic projectile samples that makes possible to determine their striking properties depending on distance to the explosion center.
References
Gilson, L., Rabet, L., Imad, A., Coghe, F. (2020). Experimental and numerical characterisation of rheological properties of a drop test response of a ballistic plastilina. Forensic Science International. Vol. 310. Art. 110238. DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110238.
Gilson, L., Rabet, L., Imad, A., Kakogiannis, D., Coghe, F. (2016). Development of a numerical model for the ballistic penetration of Fackler gelatine by small calibre projectiles. The European Physical Journal Special Topics. Vol. 225 (2). DOI: 10.1140/epjst/e2016-02640-9.
Gumeniuk, K., Lurin, I., Tsema, Ie., Susak, Ya., Mykhaylenko, O., Nehoduiko, V. et al. (2021). Woundary ballistics of biological tissue’s plastic deformation on the model of ballistic plastiline using hollow point and shape-stable bullets. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. Vol. 11. No. 11. DOI: 10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.11.003.
Hamov, D. Yu. (2006). Vstanovlennia nalezhnosti ob’iekta do boiovykh prypasiv vohnepalnoi striletskoi zbroi ta yoho prydatnosti do strilby [Determining whether an object is classified as ammunition for firearms and whether it is suitable for firing] : metodyka. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
Kolisnyk, K., Sokol, Y., Shchapov, P., Nehoduiko, V. (2023). Mathematical Modelling of the Multifactorial Influence of Striking Fragments on the Dynamics of the Rehabilitation Processes of the Wounded. 6th International Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering : Conference proceedings (Chisinau, Moldova, 20—23 Sept 2023). Chisinau. Vol. 2 : Biomedical Engineering and New Technologies for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Rehabilitation. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42782-4_18.
Kolomiitsev, A. V., Sapelkin, V. V. (2017). Opredelenie ballisticheskikh kharakteristik і porazhaiushchikh svoistv patronov samodelnogo snariazheniia kalibra 7,62×39 [Determination of the Ballistic Characteristics and the Damaging Properties of SelfMade Loading Cartridges of 7.62×39 Caliber]. Teoriia ta praktyka sudovoi ekspertyzy i kryminalistyky. Vyp. 17. URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Tpsek_2017_17_33 [in Russian].
Kolomiitsev, O. V. (2024). Patrony dlia eksperymentalnoi strilby hotovymy urazhaiuchymy elementamy ta oskolkamy [Cartridges for experimental firing with ready-made striking elements and fragments]. Aktualni problemy zabezpechennia derzhavnoi bezpeky : mat-ly II Vseukr. nauk.-prakt. konf. (Kyiv, 25.10.2024). Kyiv. URL: https://elar-kingu.kyiv.ua/handle/123456789/329 [in Ukrainian].
Kolomiitsev, O. V. (2024). Patrony dlia eksperymentalnoi strilby vysokoshvydkisnymy hotovymy urazhaiuchymy elementamy ta oskolkamy [Cartridges for experimental firing of high-velocity ready-made striking elements and fragments]. Aktualni problemy diialnosti skladovykh sektoru bezpeky i oborony Ukrainy (do 10-i richnytsi stvorennia Natsionalnoi hvardii Ukrainy) : tezy Vseukr. nauk.-prakt. konf. (Kharkiv, 24.10.2024). Kharkiv. URL: http://repositsc.nuczu.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/24214/1/Zbirnsk_tez_konfer._24.10.2024%20%281%29.pdf [in Ukrainian].
Kolomiitsev, O., Giverts, P., Nikitiuk, V., Herman, O. (2024). Zastosuvannia komp’iuternykh tekhnolohii dlia rozv’iazannia zavdan terminalnoi balistyky [Application of Computer Technologies for Resolving Terminal Ballistics Issues]. Didzhytalizatsiia sudovo-ekspertnoi nauky v umovakh voiennoho stanu : mat-ly Mizhnar. nauk.-prakt. konf. (Kharkiv, 08.11.2024). Kharkiv. URL: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cDRJ14KDOGIXe5Y6HdNVBzqAS7gbR-ML/view [in Ukrainian].
Kolomiitsev, O., Sapielkin, V., Giverts, P., & Herman, O. (2022). Peculiarities of Determining Affecting Properties of Small-bore Bullets After Ricochet. Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics. Vol. 27. No. 2. DOI: 10.32353/khrife.2.2022.05.
Larin, O., Grabovskiy, A., Kolomiitsev, O., Larkov, S., Nehoduiko,V. (2025). Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Cylindrical Shrapnel Penetration into Non-biological Soft Tissue Simulant (Ballistic Plasticine). 7th International Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering : Conference proceedings (Chisinau, Moldova, 7—10 Oct 2025). Chisinau. Vol. 2 : Biomedical Engineering and New Technologies for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Rehabilitation. 2025. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-032-06497-4_53.
Larin, O., Tomashevskyi, R., Lurin, I., Gumeniuk,K., Nehoduiko,V. (2023). Computational Modeling and Analysis of Wound Formation in Gunshot Injuries. 6th International Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering : Conference proceedings (Chisinau, Moldova, 20—23 Sept 2023). Chisinau. Vol. 2 : Biomedical Engineering and New Technologies for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Rehabilitation. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42782-4_24.
Lurin, I. А., Tsema, Ie. V., Gumenuik, K. V., Susak, Ya. V., Dubenko, D. Ye., Tsema, Ye. Ie. (2021). Experimental modeling of a residual wound cavity on a balistic plasticine using conventional and hollow point bullets. Medical Science of Ukraine. Vol. 17. No. 4. DOI: 10.32345/2664-4738.4.2021.02.
Modeliuvannia vohnepalnykh poranen [Gunshot wound simulation] (2022) : monohrafiia / uporiadnyky: I. A. Lurin, V. V. Nehoduiko, R.M.Mykhailusov, K.V.Humeniuk ; pid zah. red. V. I. Tsymbaliuka. Kharkiv. URL: https://repo.knmu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/32575 [in Ukrainian].
Polenytsia, P., Naumenko, I., Litsman, A., Nesterov, D. (2024). Metodyka otsiniuvannia efektyvnosti dii oskolkovo-fuhasnoho snariada po nazemnykh tsiliakh [Methodology for assessing the effectiveness of high-explosive fragmentation shells against ground targets]. Kyiv. Rieiestr. kod VP 7-07(01).010.1.12 [in Ukrainian].
Prokhorov-Lukin, H. V., Pashchenko, V. I., Bykov, V. I. ta in. (2011). Metodyka kompleksnoho doslidzhennia vybukhovykh prystroiv, vybukhovykh rechovyn i slidiv vybukhu [Methodology for a comprehensive study of explosive devices, explosives and traces of an explosion]. № DR 0103U002003. Kyiv. URL: https://arm.navs.edu.ua/arm/arm_bmb_exp/idb/metod_wte.html [in Ukrainian].
Rozen, N., Dudkiewicz, I. (2011). Wound ballistics and tissue damage / Armed Conflict Injuries to the Extremities. Berlin. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-16155-1_2.
Susu, L., Cheng, X., Yaoke, W., Xiaoyun, Zh. (2016). A new motion model of rifle bullet penetration into ballistic gelatin. International Journal of Impact Engineering. Vol. 93. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.02.003.
Terefe, T. O., Chawla, A., Datla, N. V. (2025). Damage mechanisms from low-velocity penetrating shrapnel in ballistic gelatin. Defence Technology. 18 July. DOI: 10.1016/j. dt.2025.07.008.
Tsymbaliuk, V., Lurin, I., Gumeniuk, K., Herasymenko, O., Furkalo, S., Oklei, D., Negoduyko, V., Gorobeiko, M., Dinets, A. (2023). Modeling of wound ballistics in biological tissues simulators. Medicni perspektivi. Vol. 28. No. 1. DOI: 10.26641/2307- 0404.2023.1.275866.
Wang, Y., Shi, X., Chen, A., Xu, Ch. (2014). The experimental and numerical investigation of pistol bullet penetrating soft tissue simulant. Forensic Science International. Vol. 249. DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.02.013.
Abstract views: 70 PDF Downloads: 39 PDF Downloads: 28
